Protect Your Poultry - HPAI Biosecurity Tips

By Blake Jackson

Kentucky has recently confirmed several cases of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), also known as H5N1. While influenza viruses have only a small number of genes, minor changes in their genetic makeup can affect which species they infect, how they spread, and the severity of disease in birds, mammals, and humans.

HPAI is particularly concerning because it spreads quickly among poultry and causes severe illness. Infected flocks can experience fatality rates as high as 90%, posing a serious threat to poultry farms and the supply of fresh eggs. This strain is also notable for its ability to infect a broader range of species than typical bird flu viruses.

Wild birds, especially waterfowl, are natural carriers of avian influenza and can transmit the virus during migration. Backyard and outdoor flocks are at greater risk of exposure, as droppings from wild birds can contaminate feed and water.

Keeping poultry indoors and following strict biosecurity measures such as controlling movement of animals, equipment, and people can reduce the risk of farm-to-farm spread.

In birds, HPAI often causes severe respiratory symptoms, including nasal and eye discharge, sneezing, swelling or discoloration of combs and wattles, loss of appetite, decreased egg production, lack of coordination, or sudden death. Any unusual poultry deaths or respiratory signs should be reported to a veterinarian for testing through state or federal diagnostic services.

Cattle and other mammals can also be affected. In cattle, respiratory issues may be mild, but mastitis can occur, reducing milk production. Cats, including barn cats, may show neurological symptoms like tremors, staggering, or seizures. Humans exposed to infected birds or raw milk may experience flu-like symptoms, including fever, fatigue, sore throat, cough, and sometimes conjunctivitis.

To report sick or dead wild birds, contact the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife at 1-800-858-1549. For poultry concerns, reach out to a local veterinarian or USDA at 1-866-536-7593. For human health questions, contact the Kentucky Department of Public Health at 502-564-3970.

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